Реферат на тему "Yes-No" questions with positive and negative orientation

Содержание:

INTRODUCTION.. 2

1. General provisions for interrogative sentences in English. 2

2. General (yes/no questions) in English. 8

CONCLUSION.. 14

REFERENCES. 15

Appendix 1. Glossary. 16

Введение:

The question as a communicative type of expression refers to the most problematic speech units and has always attracted the attention of representatives of the most diverse fields of knowledge. Such attention to the issue is because many important linguistic aspects related to thinking, cognition and judgment, which are essential for communication, find their direct expression. In this regard, interrogation as a linguistic problem remains open for researchers of different directions.

The object of the research in the abstract is an interrogative sentence in English. The subject of the study is a general interrogative sentence in English. The aim of this paper is to consider all possible classifications of the general interrogative sentence in English. To achieve the goal, the following tasks were set:

1. To study the general grammar rules on the subject of research.

2. To analyze interrogative sentences in terms of the speech actions they express.

3. Consider the types of general interrogative sentences.

As research methods, there are elements of comparative and descriptive analysis. In conclusion, the basic theoretical provisions on this issue are summarized.

Заключение:

Based on the foregoing, the following conclusions can be made. With the help of the question as an indirect speech act, both a request for information that the speaker does not have, and a request, advice, expression, and other speech acts can be expressed. From the point of view of the theory of speech acts, the specificity of an interrogative statement is that, as an indirect speech act, an interrogative statement can express a wide range of intentions.

An interrogative statement as an indirect speech act is characterized by a discrepancy in the form and communicative orientation of the statement. The communicative-informative aspect of any sentence is two-pronged: on the one hand, this is the general communicative content of the sentence, which is in accordance with the syntactic form, on the other hand, this is the possible content of the speech act expressed by the sentence. Thus, the problem arose of distinguishing between the interrogative sentence and the interrogative utterance, since the speech act of the question is not always aimed at obtaining information.

The traditional classification of interrogative sentences is based on the nature of the question expressed by the sentence. Based on this feature, researchers identify general questions, special questions, as well as alternative and dividing questions, which are a kind of general questions. The classification of the means of expressing the question distinguishes lexical and morphological means. Taking into account the role of interrogative sentences in the communication process allows you to create a different classification of interrogative sentences.

From the point of view of the communicative approach, interrogative sentences are divided into verifying questions, appellate questions, cross-questions, clarifying questions, explicating questions, anticipating, identifying questions and emotionally interrogative statements.

Фрагмент текста работы:

1. General provisions for interrogative sentences in English

Question is a form of thought expressed in the main language by a sentence that is pronounced or written when they want to ask something, that is, to obtain information of interest.

In any language, if they say a question, they use interrogative intonation, and if they do, they put a question mark [1] at the end and / or use interrogative particles [2]: whether, not ... whether, what, what, how , perhaps, is it really that if, but, yes, the truth is not it, is it so, is it not so, is it true; interrogative pronouns: who, what, what, what, whose, who, how much, how, where, where, where, where, when, why, why, why, how much. Using these tools, any non-questioning sentence can become a question or a question. The person asking the question usually awaits an answer. An exception is a rhetorical question for which no answer is required. [8]

In some languages, interrogative sentences have a strictly defined word order. For example, in English, the question first comes with the predicate (or its auxiliary part), and then the subject.

The theory of speech acts, the foundations of which were laid by J. Austin, P.F. Stroson and J. Serlem, as the minimum unit of verbal communication, considers a speech act, understood as an updated sentence and consisting of three components: purposefulness , speech (pronunciation) , achievement of the desired consequences . Thus, the goal (intention) of the speaker and the orientation of the speech act to a specific reaction of the addressee, the result of the speech act, are of great importance; that is, the effect, consequences of speaking become part of the speech act. In contrast to formal syntactic studies, in which a sentence is examined as a statement taken out of the context of communication, pragmatics includes the addressee, the communication situation, and the “pragmatic competencies” of the speakers, which significantly extends the range of problems studied. With the addressee of the speech, first of all, the problems of understanding, interpreting the utterance and those rules and principles that are used by the addressee to derive both superficial and latent or indirect meanings of the utterance, and the true goals of the speaker, as well as the (expected) reaction of the addressee to the utterance are associated the speaker (verbal and non-verbal, direct and indirect). Without considering the addressee, the perlocative effect of the utterance or the influence of the utterance of the addressee is inconceivable: informational, emotional, aesthetic. The context or situation of communication is interpreted by the theory of speech acts primarily as a set of preparatory conditions for the successful implementation and recognition of a speech act.