Реферат на тему Тема на выбор Kremlin – the heart of Russia and Moscow

Содержание:

Introduction 3
1. The Moscow Kremlin: History and Modernity 4
1.1 The Key Facts from the Kremlin’s History before 1917 4
1.2 The Kremlin after 1917 7
2. Some Interesting Facts about the Moscow Kremlin 9
Conclusion 11
References 12

Введение:

The Moscow Kremlin, the main symbol of Russia, is a building of such status, significance, and prominence that only such world-famous historical architectural objects as the Egyptian pyramids or the tower of London can compare with it.
The Kremlin is also called the heart of Russia and Moscow. Here the fate of the country was being decided and has being decided and every stone breathes history; everything is permeated not only with the spirit of bygone times, but also with the spirit of modernity.
The relevance of the topic is due to the desire to attract the attention of the younger generation to the cult center of Russia – the Moscow Kremlin and the need to save it and effectively use it in the face of the threat of loss of national and cultural identity of society. To date, the importance of this topic is undeniable, because the knowledge gained in this area has not been fully systematized.
The purpose of the research is to develop interest in the Russian historical, spiritual, and cultural heritage through familiarity with the history of the Moscow Kremlin as well as to contribute to the formation of the image of the Moscow Kremlin as a unique object of Russian historical and cultural heritage.
The relevance of the study and its main goal determined the main integrative objectives of this research:
 to study the literature on the topic and to get acquainted with the history of the Kremlin and its main historical monuments;
 to determine the role of the Moscow Kremlin in the life of the Russian state;
 to find facts confirming that “the Kremlin is the heart of Russia and Moscow”;
 to form a stable cognitive interest in the Moscow Kremlin.
In order to solve the tasks more fully, the following methods were used: analysis of historical and journalistic literature; carrying out analogies within the studied material; systematization and generalization of the material.

Заключение:

In accordance with the objectives of the present research, realized through the performance of the integrated goals, the following results have been achieved:
1. The History of the Moscow Kremlin is closely intertwined with the most important events in the life of the Russian state and the Russians. From a city fortress that performed military and defensive functions in the 12th century, which later became first the residence of the rulers of a small feudal principality, then the center of the all-Russian movement for national unification, the Kremlin gradually turned into a symbol of the Russian state.
2. The Kremlin is the most beautiful monument of ancient Russian culture. The political and ideological significance of the Kremlin has always been expressed in its architectural and spatial appearance. At each stage, something was destroyed, something was built again, but there was always something that has acquired an enduring historical, artistic and cultural value. The architectural monuments of the Kremlin in their forms convey to us the artistic ideals of our ancestors in the years of great events in the Russian history.
3. The Kremlin being the compositional center of Moscow did not only gather a huge city around itself into a single whole, but later it was organically incorporated into its picturesque silhouette. Despite the development of the city with the new high buildings, the Kremlin, as before, continues to reign over the capital, echoing the towers of the walls with the architecture of high-rise structures of the New Moscow.
To sum up, the Moscow Kremlin, the pride and glory of our Motherland, has always been and is the main center of attraction not only for Russians, but also for the foreign visitors and tourists. When we touch such ancient cultural monuments as the Moscow Kremlin, we are immersed in the most important part of our history, studying the centuries-old experience of human development in order to understand more fully and deeply the events that are happening to us nowadays.
It is impossible to imagine Moscow and Russia without the Kremlin. This Holy place is dear to all Russians. The Kremlin is the heart of Russia and Moscow.

Фрагмент текста работы:

1. The Moscow Kremlin: History and Modernity

The Moscow Kremlin is a symbol of Russian statehood, one of the largest architectural ensembles in the world, and a rich treasury of historical relics, cultural and art monuments.
Since ancient times, the Kremlin has been considered as the city-forming, historical, political and religious center of Moscow. The heroic past of the Russian people and its great present and future are embodied together in its appearance.
The majestic and unique ensemble of the Kremlin stands on Borovitsky hill, in the heart of our capital, above the Moscow River. The walls and towers of the Kremlin give the impression of a fence of a majestic architectural ensemble from the opposite bank of the river. Close up, we can feel the harsh power of this ancient citadel. The height of its walls, the narrow loopholes and battlefields, the measured step of the towers – all say, that, first, it is a fortress.
When we enter the Kremlin, the impression changes. There are the spacious squares and cozy squares, Grand palaces and Golden-domed temples on its territory. Today, everything truly breathes the History here – the ancient cannons and bells, ancient cathedrals that have preserved in memory so many events, so many names... The past and the present are side by side: the Tsar's Terem, the world-famous museums and the modern palaces. The Kremlin is the official residence of the President of Russia.
Almost nine hundred years of the history of Moscow and the Kremlin is too long to try to list all its main events and facts. This study does not offer a detailed chronicle of events, but rather a story about the historical fate of the Moscow Kremlin, each turn of which is a milestone in the life of our country.

1.1 The Key Facts from the Kremlin’s History before 1917

No one can say for sure where the name of “Kremlin” came from. According to the definition given by Vladimir Dahl in his Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language, the word “Kremlin” came from “krem, kremnik” which meant a forest reserve that supplied the large logs. He supposed that the “Kremlin” meant “a fortress inside the city; wall with loopholes, gates, towers, enclosing the most important part of the city, the Palace, Treasury, etc.” [6] Thus, the name of the word “Kremlin” came from the type of the forest that was used in the construction of the fortress.
The first among other Kremlins built in Vladimir, Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Tula, Kolomna and others was the Moscow Kremlin. In 1156, Moscow was still a small settlement, only recently founded on Borovitsky hill, when Yuri Dolgoruky ordered to build a wooden fence around it. The fence served for more than 180 years, and in 1340, when Moscow became the capital of a large Principality, Prince Ivan Kalita, the “collector of Russian land”, ordered to enclose it with new powerful oak walls.
A quarter of a century later, the Kremlin stonewalls were laid under the Grand Duke of Moscow Dmitry Ivanovich. The new fortress was not yet finished when the Lithuanian hordes appeared under its walls. However, the fortress was so magnificent and formidable that the Lithuanians, clad in armor, did not dare to storm it.
The attempt to capture Moscow, made in 1451 by the Tatar commander Mazovia, also ended unsuccessfully. When in 1485 the Grand Duke Ivan III decided to rebuild the Kremlin fence, his plans overshadowed everything that was known before in the construction of the fortresses.
The Kremlin was built for twenty years under Ivan III and for about ten years under his son Vasily III. A mighty stone ring closed around the city. The austere lines of the high battlements were interspersed with the stately outlines of the towers. There were about twenty of them. They were all sentries and war nests crowned with flat platforms covered with wooden canopies. In addition, each of the towers had its own special purpose and was unique.