Реферат на тему Prepositional and postpositional attributes. (Препозитивные и постпозитивные определения)

Содержание:

CONTENTS..........................................................................................................4

CHAPTER I...........................................................................................................5

1.     THE NOTION OF AN ATTRIBUTE................................................................5

2.     WAYS OF EXPRESSING AN ATTRIBUTE....................................................6

3.     TYPES OF ATTRIBUTES...............................................................................8

CONCLUSION....................................................................................................11

REFERENCES....................................................................................................14

GLOSSARY.........................................................................................................16

Введение:

There are many various means to explain the notion of an attribute. As established earlier according to Cambridge Dictionary an attribute is a quality or characteristic that something or someone has. In general an attribute can also be understood as a feature that someone or something has (Collins Dictionary Online), as a quality, character, or characteristic ascribed to someone or something (Meriam-Webster Dictionary Online) etc.

Linguists agree that, despite the features caused by different languages, the attribute is a characteristic indicator of the subject members of the sentence - subject or supplement. An attribute also answers the following Wh-questions: What? What kind of? Which? Whose? (Shramko, 2014: 23)

It should also be noted that in the Russian language the term 'attribute' possesses the same meaning, as in English. According to Big Encyclopedia an attribute is a part of a sentence that is grammatically subordinated to a name and indicates a feature (property, quality, belonging) of an object, phenomenon, etc. and answers the same questions What? Which? Whose? (Big Encyclopedia Online)

So the most important features of an attribute in the sentence are determined by its function - to characterize and qualify subject in the sentence which can be expressed by noun or a pronoun.

It is important to notice that there is no difference in the definition of an attribute in Russian and in English, in both languages an attribute is defined as a part of a sentence that expresses a specific quality or a feature of an object or phenomenon.

Заключение:

         It is a well-known fact that the Russian and the English languages are structurally different, what can be seen not only in the grammar or phonetics of both languages, but also in their syntax. While English is an analytical language, all the relationships between words in a sentence are expressed by functional words, such as modal verbs, prepositions etc., and through word order in a sentence, structure etc. Unlike English, the Russian language is a synthetic language in which agglutination and inflection are used to express syntactic relationships within a sentence. That is why it is interesting how the difference of approaches to the term 'attribute' is expressed in English and in Russian.

         The most important traits of an attribute in the sentence are determined by its function - to characterize and qualify subject in the sentence, which can be expressed by noun or a pronoun. It is important to notice that there is no difference in the definition of an attribute in Russian and in English, in both languages an attribute is defined as a part of a sentence that expresses a specific quality or a feature of an object or phenomenon, and it answers the questions: ‘what? what kind of? which? whose?’

         Both in English and in Russian attributes can be expressed in the sentence by means of various parts of speech, such as adjectives, nouns, pronouns, numerals, Participle I and Participle II, infinitive, adverbs, it even can be expressed by the so-called "quotation nouns" and attributive clauses. But it also should be noted that the position of an attribute in a sentence affects the way by which it (attribute) is expressed in that sentence. In the Russian language an attribute can also be expressed by different parts of speech, but it depends not on the position of an attribute in a sentence, but on its type.

         An attribute in the English language does not possess a permanent position in the sentence. According to the position in the sentence, all attributes are derived into two groups - prepositional attributes and postpositional attributes. As in English, an attribute in Russian also does not have a specific place in a sentence. An attribute is not subdivided into categories according to the headword position but according to the connection with the defined word. So all attributes in Russian are subdivided into two categories - coordinated (согласованные определения) and non-coordinated (несогласованные определения).

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2. WAYS OF EXPRESSING AN ATTRIBUTE

It is now established that an attribute is a secondary part of the sentence modifying a part of the sentence expressed by a noun, a substantivized pronoun, a cardinal numeral, and any substantivized word, and characterizing the thing named by these words as to its quality or property. 

An attribute can be expressed by different parts of speech and constructions:

1. By (a) adjectives or (b) adjectival phrases, which characterize the person or an object qualitatively or express the speaker’s attitude.

a) white sugar, sunny day;

b) He stood and raged within himself with sour despair, unable to move or say a word.

         2. By pronouns or pronominal phrases: my pencil, those kids of mine etc.

         3. By ordinal and cardinal numerals: four weeks ago, the second place;

         4. By nouns in the common case: garden wall, cinnamon roll;

         5. By nouns in the genitive case: Michelle's mother, young man's voice;

         6. By Participle I: shining water, smoking man;

         7. By Participle II: opened bottle, dressed child

         8. By participial phrases: boots bought yesterday, Nicole sewing by the fire;

         9. By (a) gerunds, (b) gerundial phrases, or (c) gerundial complexes:

a) Her running sneakers were stylish.

b) He had a terrible habit of joking at the wrong moment.

c) There was no chance of our speaking of him again.

         10. By (a) infinitives, (b) infinitive phrases, or (c) complexes:

a) I was the only one to blame.

b) They looked around for a stick to hit his insulter with.

c) This conflict is for you to manage.

         11. By sentences used as a whole (the so-called “quotation nouns”):

She looked at me with a kind of don’t-touch-me-or-I’ll-slap-you air.

     12. By a clause (called an attributive clause) which makes the whole sentence a complex one:

Some called me by the name which no one here knew.