Платная доработка на тему "The Problem of Translation of Archaisms and Historicisms in English-Speaking Artistic Literature". «Проблема перевода архаизмов и историзмов в англоязычной художественной литературе»

Содержание:

INTRODUCTION.. 3

CHAPTER 1. THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS
FOR STUDYING OF FOSSIL WORDS. 6

1.1. Concepts of "historicism" and
"archaism" in linguistics. 6

1.2. Functions of historicisms and archaisms in fiction
literature. 8

1.3. Typology of historicisms and archaisms. 9

1.4 Translation problems of fossil words. 11

1.5 Translation transformation as translation strategy. 14

1.6 Lexical peculiarities of fiction literature. 21

1.7 Summary of Results. 23

CHAPTER 2. TRANSLATION OF
HISTORICISMS AND ARCHAISMS IN ENGLISH FICTION LITERATURE.. 25

2.1 Translation of archaisms. 25

2.2 Translation of historicisms. 38

2.3 Results and Discussion. 51

CHAPTER 3. RESEARCH RESULTS:
RELEVANCE.. 54

3.1 Implementation of research results in teaching. 55

3.2 Implementation of research results in linguistics. 57

3.3 Implementation of research results in lexicology. 59

3.4 Implementation of research results in stylistics. 61

3.5 Results and Recommendations. 63

CONCLUSION.. 64

REFERENCES. 67

APPENDIX.. 74

Введение:

The overall
competence of the translator as a professional is characterized by the manner
how accurately and skillfully he/she succeeds in conveying the author's
thoughts to the reader and bringing together two different languages ​​and cultures. The importance of studying historicisms
and archaisms in the aspect of translation is as follows: outdated words are
used to correctly recreate the atmosphere, culture of a particular era, thus,
it can be both a description of individual objects, the environment, phenomena,
people, positions, ranks, and the language itself heroes include the use of
historicisms and archaisms. Linguists use obsolete words in works of art to
more objectively reproduce a particular society in a particular era. However,
the translator faces a difficult task: to study the original language,
highlight obsolete words, find an analogue in the target language, or replace
an obsolete word, while preserving the shades of the original text to the
largest extent possible. The relevance of the research can be demonstrated by the idea that obsolete words
are often used to recreate an atmosphere of a particular era, even in such
genres as fantasy fiction. These imply the necessity to make the sense of
presence and authenticity of the world described. So, if a fiction fantasy text
is devoted to some sort of European Medieval times, it requires the uses of the
relevant archaisms and historicisms. While translating such a text, a
translator is also required to recreate this atmosphere in the target text, so
some translation transformations are required to make in possible to translate
the obsolete words rooted in a specific foreign culture. The object of the research is the English historicisms and archaisms. The subject of the research is the translation of English historicisms and
archaisms into Russian. The purpose of the research is to identify the means of translating historicisms
and archaisms in the translation of the fantasy fiction text “The Game of
Thrones” by G. R. R. Martin. The tasks of the research are as follows:

1. To determine the concepts of historicism and archaism
in linguistics;

2. To find out the functions of historicisms and
archaisms in fiction and express their typology;

3. To characterize the translation problems of fossil
words;

4. To find out the lexical peculiarities of fantasy
fiction literature;

5. To determine the role of translation transformations
in translation process;

6. To analyze the peculiarities in translating archaisms
and historicisms used in “The Game of Thrones” by G. R. R. Martin;

7. To evaluate the role of translation transformation in
translating archaisms and historicisms used in “The Game of Thrones” by G. R. R.
Martin;

8. To analyze and describe the potential for the
implementation of the results obtained within the research. The source material of the research is the fantasy fiction novel “The Game of Thrones” by
G. R. R. Martin and its translation into Russian. The methodology applied in the research includes the analysis of
research literature on the topic of this qualification thesis, the
identification of historicisms and archaisms used in the source fantasy fiction
text and their translation variants in the Russian translation of the novel,
the descriptive and quantitative methods to assess the peculiarities of
translating these obsolete words into Russian. The theoretical base includes the works of the following scientists: I. V.
Arnold, L. S. Barkhudarov, L. P. Varenina, V. V. Vinogradov, A. I. Galperin, V.
N. Komissarov, T. V. Korosteleva, V. V. Moshkovich, N. M. Razinkina, N. S.
Silkina, A. V. Florya, M. N. Shmeleva, etc. The theoretical importance of the work is determined by the fact that it
considers the role of obsolete words in fantasy fiction, and the means of their
translation into Russian. The practical importance of the work is grounded on the fact that the results
obtained may be used for teaching the translation of obsolete words from
English into Russian in terms of stylistics and their role in creating the
special fiction atmosphere. The structure of the research is determined by its purpose and tasks. The thesis
consists of introduction, three chapters, conclusion, the list of references
and appendix. The first chapter of this study
examines the definitions of the concepts of "historicism" and
"archaism" in linguistic literature. In addition, the study examines
the functions that historicisms and archaisms perform in fiction texts. The
analysis of the existing research papers allows to identify the typology of
archaisms and historicisms. In addition, the key aspects of the translation of
obsolete vocabulary are considered, in terms of the cultural and historical
characteristics of the source language and their possible correlation with the
realities of the target one. This theoretical chapter also makes the emphasis
on the problem of translating a fiction text. The analysis of research
literature made it possible to identify both the lexical features of the
translation of fiction texts and to analyze the role and place of translation
transformations within translation. The second chapter of this research studies
the peculiarities of the translation process of archaisms and historicisms based
on the novel "The Game of Thrones" by George R.R. Martin. The used
translation transformations for the transmission of archaisms and historicisms
are revealed, statistics are also provided regarding the productivity of
individual translation transformations from English into Russian. The third chapter considers the
potential to implement the results of this research in teaching English. It’s crucial to mention that the results obtained may be
applied in translation practice as well as in studying English stylistics and
the peculiarities of a fiction text.

Заключение:

To
sum up, archaisms are words or stable phrases, the grammatical form of which is
outdated and out of general use, but they have an analogue in the modern
language. Historicisms are words or stable expressions that represent the names
of objects of human use or phenomena from everyday life that existed earlier,
but have now disappeared from use. Historicisms are the words meaning objects
or phenomena that existed before, and then disappeared.

Furthermore,
obsolete vocabulary has a significant impact on the formation of the modern
literary language. With the help of its functions, it becomes the most
important means of artistic and verbal creativity and remains an urgent subject
of linguistic research. It’s role in stylistics is never underestimated as it allows
to create a text referring to a particular era.

Still,
there exist various approaches to the classification of historicisms and
archaisms, which are based on different characteristics. However, the most
productive classification is based on thematic groups as it allows to
demonstration the level of importance of these lexemes within language.

When
translating historicisms and archaisms, it’s crucial to take into account the
problem of realia as these make up the layer of non-equivalent vocabulary found
in the country of the original language. Moreover, translation of obsolete
units of vocabulary in fiction requires close attention, since the presence of
units of non-equivalent vocabulary in the original text can cause difficulties
in the process of translating the original into another language. It’s worth noting that
literary translation is a special part in translation practice. The key task of
literary translation is the transfer of a unique author's style, its specific aesthetics,
and a range of linguistic means that affect the atmosphere and mood inherent in
the text. Furthermore, when a
translator works with a fiction text, he tries to convey the individual style
of the writer, to reflect the originality of the culture reflected in the text
and to acquaint the reader with the content of the book. Translation of a fiction
text is due to many difficulties. These difficulties are present both in the
language system itself, and in the framework of the interaction of cultures -
the culture in the language of which the text was created, and the culture, to
which the reader is native. The problems of translating a literary text at the
language level are usually solved through the application of translation
transformations, taking into account the stylistic techniques used by the
writer. At the level of interaction of cultures, it is also important to take
into account the translation of realities, the general context of the creation
of a work, etc. In general, translators of fiction texts face a difficult task,
which includes not only the ability to translate, but also the effective
realization of certain literary skills in order to be able to understand and
express the creative intention of the writer to the extent possible. The analysis
demonstrated that the most productive translation transformation is calquing.
It manifests itself both in the field of semantics and in the field of
stylistics when translating archaisms from English into Russian. Generalization
has demonstrated its wide application in the translation of archaisms from
English into Russian. Its use within translation made it possible to use
lexical units of more general semantics, often with the loss of their archaic
stylistics. Other translation transformations have not shown significant
productivity in translating archaisms from English into Russian. The analysis showed that
among the historicisms considered, both lexical historicisms and historicisms,
which represent one of the meanings of a polysemantic word, have been figured
out. Speaking about the peculiarities of the translation of historicisms from
English into Russian, it is worth emphasizing that the most common is the
application of calquing, since all these lexical units are present in the Russian
language, with a pronounced historical associations and stylistic features. In
addition, transcription has been also spread quite widely, since in the Russian
language there already exist analogues of the historicisms used in the original
text, being their transcriptions. The analysis has also
shown that both the translation of archaisms and the translation of
historicisms are characterized by the predominance of calquing, which makes it
possible to rely on analogues of these lexical units that already exist in the
Russian language, as well as to transfer the structure of the lexical units of
the source text into Russian. While the use of generalization, compensation and
modulation is more typical for the translation of archaisms, the translation of
historicisms is characterized by the fact that the most productive models are
transcription and modulation, which indicates different approaches to the
translation of different types of obsolete vocabulary from English into
Russian. So, the analysis of the
peculiarities of translating archaisms and historicisms from English into
Russian is a highly fruitful research field that requires further examination.
The analysis of its practical implementation has demonstrated that this
research is characterized by its relevance. The results obtained may be
relevant for the implementation of the results in the field of studying the
stylistics of the English language and the practice of translation from English
into Russian and lexicology as well.

Фрагмент текста работы:

CHAPTER 1.
THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS FOR STUDYING OF FOSSIL WORDS

1.1. Concepts of "historicism" and
"archaism" in linguistics

Historicisms are the example of obsolete lexical
system that refer to a passive vocabulary and have no synonyms in modern
language. They stay present in the vocabulary, but become limited in their usage.
These are commonly applied in fiction, historical novels, professional studies
of the corresponding historical periods [74]. For example, gorget, mace,
thane, goblet, baldric.

According to I. V. Arnold, historicisms can be treated
as lexical units “ceased to be used in reality”. Furthermore, these are
“resurrected” as they have a huge potential to revitalize the past in language
terms [3, p. 89].

In fiction, historicisms are used to
faithfully recreate the atmosphere and culture of a particular era and for the
description of individual objects, the environment, phenomena, people.
Moreover, the very language of the heroes can consist of the use of
historicisms. Linguists use the term “historicism” applying to fiction for a more
objective recreation of a certain society in a certain era [28].

Archaisms are words or fixed expressions, the
grammatical form of which is outdated or has ceased to be used, which have a
synonym in modern language. I. V. Arnold points out that archaisms are by their
nature obsolete and are not applied in ordinary speech situations anymore [3, p. 105].

Archaisms can be divided into several types:

1. lexical per se, i.e. words outdated in
general.

2. Lexico-morphological, i.e. words with
outdated word form and / or grammatical forms of the word.

3. Lexico-phonetic, i.e. words that differ
from modern ones by several sounds or stress.

4. Lexico-derivational, i.e. words that differ
from modern words by suffixes, prefixes.

5. Grammatical, i.e. obsolete forms of words
that do not exist at all in modern language.