Курсовая теория на тему Научно-популярный стиль

Содержание:

Introduction. 2

Chapter 1. Characteristic features of scientific
functional style. 4

1.1. Comparative analysis of functional speech styles in
modern English. 4

1.2. Main characteristics of scientific functional style
of speech. 7

1.3. Terminology as the main component of scientific style. 9

Chapter 1 conclusions. 13

Chapter 2. Stylistic aspect of popular science functional
style. 14

2.1. Expressive means and stylistic techniques in popular
science style. 14

2.2. Semantic features of scientific texts in translation. 16

2.3. Structural features of popular science texts. 19

Chapter 2 conclusions. 22

Conclusion. 23

References  27

Введение:

The functional style is
historical, public recognition of speech variety, with a specific nature
arising from the realization of special principles of selection and combination
of linguistic means that is the species corresponding to particular socially
meaningful interaction and activities correlative with a certain form of
consciousness - science, art, law, etc.). One such functional style is the scientific
style.

The scientific style of speech is
a means of communication in the field of science, educational and scientific
activities. Each member of modern society at different times of life and to
different degrees is faced with texts of this style, functioning in oral and
written form, so mastering the norms of the scientific and
scientific-educational style of speech is an important part of the culture of
oral and written speech.

The scientific style belongs to
the book styles of the literary language with common modalities and similar
linguistic features, including pre-deliberation statements, monologic nature of
the speech, strict selection of linguistic resources, and the desire for
normalized speech.

The relevance of the topic of the
course work is that any educated person, University graduate, head of an
organization or enterprise needs not only knowledge of the scientific style of
the modern language, but also fluency in it if necessary.

It is not for nothing that the
emergence and development of the scientific style are associated with the
progress of scientific knowledge in various areas of life and activity of
nature and man.

The object of research is the
scientific style of the modern English literary language. The subject of the
research is the language features of the scientific style of speech.

The purpose of this work is to
give the main characteristics of the scientific style of the modern English
literary language.

In connection with this goal, it
is necessary to solve the following tasks:

- To give a general description
of the scientific style of speech;

- Consider the variety of types
of scientific style and their genres;

- Identify the language features
of the scientific style of speech;

- Offer tasks to determine the
scientific style in modern English.

The research method is
descriptive, and analytical research methods such as analysis and comparison
were also used. The material of the work consists of research by such
scientists as Galperin, Razinkina, Arnold, Vakurov, and others.

This work is theoretical in
nature and consists of an introduction, two chapters with conclusions to them,
a conclusion, and a list of references.

Заключение:

The scientific style of speech is
one of the functional varieties of literary language that serves the sphere of
science and production. It is implemented in specialized book texts of various
genres.

Science is a particular sphere of
human activity. It is designed to provide true information about the world
around us. And although it is possible to comprehend the laws of the
surrounding world in other ways (not only scientific), it is a science that is
addressed to the intellect, to logic. Scientific texts are associated with a
focus on the professional reader. So, the main features of the language of
science are accuracy and objectivity. The plot of the scientific text is
unusual: the author introduces the reader to the process of searching for the
truth. The reader must follow him along the way to make (and thus double-check)
logical moves and come to the desired conclusion-the result. The author models
the situation, presenting the process of searching for the truth in the most
optimal way, in his opinion.

The composition of a typical
scientific text reflects the sequence of phases of scientific research:

· Awareness of the problem
(question, task) and goal setting – “introduction”;

· Search for ways to solve the
problem, search for possible options and put forward a hypothesis, proof of the
idea (hypothesis) - " the main part";

· Solving a research problem and
getting an answer - "conclusion".

The method of presentation is thus
a method of proof. The text of even not very large scientific works - articles,
messages-is usually divided into categories, emphasizing the transition from
one research episode to the next.

The text of a scientific
utterance is created as a chain of "steps" - actions within the text
that form a logical framework, which is then perceived by even an untrained
reader in a text rich in special characters and appropriate terminology.

In a scientific text on any
specialty, you can easily identify the language tools that are used to
construct this logical framework. These are, for example, the verbs denote,
set, compose, define, find, select, consider, and so on. The author
methodically explains to his interlocutor exactly what mental operations he
performs at one time or another: gives definitions, goes to the next question,
returns to the starting point, gives an example, analyzes the results of the
experiment, makes a conclusion, etc.

A scientific text has a complex
organization. In it, you can conditionally distinguish two layers in terms of
what information the reader receives:

· the actual, directly about the
object of research;

· information about how the
author organizes this factual information.

The second type of information
(and the elements that enter it) is usually called metatext. The presence of
metatext is one of the essential properties of a scientific text.

The complexity of the information
that scientific communication partners "work" with makes the author
care about organizing the actual information in such a way that it would be
easier for the interlocutor to perceive it and keep it in memory. So, in order
not to lose the thread of the story, the author reminds the reader what is at
stake, from time to time returning to what he was talking about, usually adding
a small portion of new information to this - in the text, this movement
corresponds to semantic repetition.

In terms of volume, semantic
repetitions are different: it can be a fragment of text (one or two pages, one or
several paragraphs), a sentence, part of a sentence, or a complex phrase.
Semantic repetitions are not a disadvantage of a scientific text, but, on the
contrary, they help to organize it. Some repetitions are a necessary attribute
of the composition. They play a particularly important role in summing up the
results of scientific work. In term papers, thesis papers, dissertations
semantic repetitions of a small amount (sentence, paragraph) can complete each
more or less significant topic (such as a paragraph), a large semantic redo a
large part (e.g. Chapter by Chapter), and all work - semantic repetition in the
amount of one to two pages ("Conclusion").

The regularities of using
language tools in a scientific style are determined by the factors that have already
been mentioned-objectivity and accuracy.

Objectivity implies that
information does not depend on the whim of a particular person, is not the
result of his feelings and emotions. In the text of scientific work, it
manifests itself both in the presence of certain mandatory content components
and in the form - in the manner of narration.

One of the main ways to create
the effect of objectivity of the content is a reference to the scientific
tradition-an indication of the reference to this object of research, problem,
task, term, etc. by other scientists. Reference to the scientific tradition in
small works is often limited to the list of names of scientists who have worked
on this problem. Such lists are often compiled in alphabetical order.

Ignoring the principle of
continuity causes the reader a negative impression. At best, this can be
regarded as negligence, at worst-as the appropriation of the results of someone
else's intellectual work, that is, plagiarism.

The "objectivity of the
form" of the scientific style implies the rejection of language means that
are associated with the transmission of emotions: interjections and particles
that convey emotions and feelings, emotionally-colored vocabulary and
expressive models of sentences are not used; a clear preference is given to a
neutral word order; exclamation intonation is not characteristic of scientific
speech, and interrogative intonation is limited.

The requirement of objectivity
determines the features of the manner of narration. First of all, it is a
refusal to narrate in the first person, that is, from the "personal"
manner of narration.

The specificity of the scientific
style is because the meaning of time in the scientific style is irrelevant
(this is understandable since science speaks of " eternal truths"):
the opposition of the present to the past and the future practically
disappears.

An important feature of science
is accuracy. The scientific style in the mind of the average person, of course,
is primarily associated with terms.

The main feature and value of the
term are that it carries a large amount of logical information.

The scientific style, as well as
the official one, is very consistent in the choice and use of words: it sharply
narrows the vocabulary of the common language, imposes a ban on non-literary
vocabulary (jargon, dialectisms, colloquial words), and does not allow literary
words if they have an emotional connotation. The word, entering into scientific
usage, loses its color, being filled with other content. Features of the
scientific style can be displayed with a greater or lesser degree of rigor.
This depends on many reasons: both the genre and the subject matter (in the
technical Sciences, the language is regulated to a greater extent than in the
Humanities), but the main factor is still the addressee factor. The author of
the text, if he wants not only to provide scientific information, but also to
achieve its understanding, should be guided by the amount of knowledge of his
partner, and what is the purpose of familiarizing the partner with this
information.

Depending on how the author
defines the capabilities and needs of his "interlocutor", he can use
one of the variations of the scientific style: the actual scientific,
scientific-educational, or popular scientific litter. The main variety is the
actual scientific litter. On its basis, there is a lightweight version intended
for those who are just learning a new field of knowledge, scientific and
educational litter. A small degree of competence of the reader or listener leads
to the appearance of a popular science text.

In the field of science, the main
written genres are theses, articles, and monographs, since they are used to
transmit new scientific information. Other genres are either a reworking of
this information, which they give, presenting information in an adapted,
concise form (abstract), or give it an assessment (review).

The rigor of the scientific style
reaches its apogee in genres that are a document, and therefore are influenced
by the official business style. Strict requirements apply to the total student
work: regulated the composition of the work (division into chapters or
paragraphs, the plan (table of contents), sections "Introduction",
"Conclusion" (or "Insights"), "Bibliography", and
often "Application"), its design (indication on the title page
details of "supervisor", "Genre" (coursework, thesis, etc.)

Фрагмент текста работы:

Chapter 1. Characteristic features
of scientific functional style

1.1. Comparative analysis of
functional speech styles in modern English

Functional style (also known as
Register) is a socially conscious and functionally determined set of techniques
for using, selecting and combining language tools aimed at achieving a specific
message goal. The very concept of functional style is related to the concept of
“language variability” because in fact there are different numbers of
functional styles. [4:83]

Professor I. R. Galperin
identifies five styles:

1. Artistic

2. Journalistic

3. Newspaper

4. Business

5. Technical [4:84]

I. V. Arnold describes four
styles:

1. Political

2. Scientific and technical

3. Newspaper

4. Colloquial [1:155]

The functional style is a kind of
originality of methods of use, selection, and combination of language means,
which in no case should be confused with individual style. However, it is also
worth noting the difficulties of identifying functional styles, since:

1. Functional styles are
intertwined.

2. Functional styles are
historically variable.

3. Functional styles are closely
related to genres. A style can consist of a set of genres (for example, the
style of fiction is a novel, short story, poem, etc.), they have a core and
their own parameters. [4:93]

The functional style includes two
main categories: 1. Literary (book) styles,
literary language. This category is characterized by preliminary thinking,
analysis, and strict selection of language tools;

2. Free-spoken style. This
category is characterized by spontaneity and dialog. [11:76]

M. N. Lapshina identified the
following styles:

1. The style of artistic speech

2. Journalistic style

3. Oratorical style

4. Scientific and technical style

5. Newspaper style

6. Free-colloquial style

7. Official-business style [9:92]

As we already know, the language
system is a structure of phonetic, lexical, and phonetic subsystems, which
includes many elements of the language, which determines their quite natural
relationships. [4:90]

The literary norm of a language
can be determined by the degree of use of normative vocabulary, provided that
the sources are authoritative. The correctness of speech is determined not by
logical or etymological criteria, but only by the use of words in the speech of
educated native speakers that correspond to the literary norm. [3:92]

Norms of "correct
speech" are studied by normative stylistics (orthology). This science not
only examines different aspects of language functioning but also evaluates and
analyzes language forms as "correct" and "incorrect", as
well as studies the nature and extent of conscious influence on language
development both on the part of native speakers of this language and on the
part of the educational system. [Арнольд, C. 163] the existence of a norm is
directly related to such definitions as:

Structure – norm - individual
speech;

Neutral style - colloquial style
- bookish style.

According to the General literary
standard, the norm of a language consists of functional styles, registers,
situational conditions, colloquialisms, and dialects. The structure and norm of
a language are represented as an abstraction. In the course of observation, it
is possible to note individual speech represented in the style of the text. [11:64]