Курсовая теория на тему "Differences in speech and behavior of people from different social classes on the example of postcolonial literature.”William Shakespeare "Othello"Joseph Conrad "Heart Of Darkness"

Содержание:

INTRODUCTION.. 3

CHAPTER 1. THE INFLUENCE OF A PERSON’S SOCIAL
STATUS ON HIS SPEECH MANNER.. 5

1.1 Markers of a person’s social status and class
in English culture. 5

1.2 Specificity of speech and manners of a person
depending on his social status and class. 10

CHAPTER 2. SOCIAL MARKERS OF HUMAN SPEECH AND
BEHAVIOR IN POST-COLONIAL LITERATURE. 15

2.1 Analysis of the behavior and manners of people
of different social classes in the play «Othello» by W. Shakespeare. 15

2.2 Analysis of the behavior and manners of people
of different social classes in the novel «Heart Of Darkness» by Joseph Conrad. 19

CONCLUSION.. 23

REFERENCES  24

Введение:

The
science interest in social structure and the reflection of differences in
social classes in the language falls on the second half of the XX century.
Studies of the linguistic characteristics of representatives of various classes
began with the study of the phonetic characteristics of their speech.

The
issue of social differentiation of speech has been repeatedly raised in the
works of Russian and foreign linguists (T.A. Ivushkina, V.M. Zhirmunsky, L.P.
Krysin, D.V. Kryukov, A.G. Kostetskaya, R.T. Bell, P. Trudgill, B. Bernstein,
N. Mitford etc).

Despite
the current trends towards the development of social mobility and the denial of
the class nature of society by many politicians, we have to admit that social
division exists and is recognized by people in different European countries.
However, it is in Great Britain that the continuous tradition of social classes
has remained practically unchanged for centuries, being a distinctive feature
of British society to this day, which makes Great Britain (and England, in
particular) an interesting object for studying the differences in the speech of
representatives of different social strata. A striking example is a linguistic
difference in fiction, which determined the theme and relevance of this work.

The
purpose of this work is a sociolinguistic study of the composition of speech
differences in the oral speech of Englishmen of different social status, based
on fiction. To achieve this goal, it was necessary to solve the following
tasks:

1.
To define different markers of a person’s social status and class in English
culture;

2.
To highlight specificity of speech and manners of a person depending on his
social status and class;

3.
To analyze the behavior and manners of people of different social classes in the
«Othello» by W. Shakespeare and «Heart Of Darkness» by J. Conrad.

The
object of the research is the socially marked colloquial speech of an
English-speaking person. The subject of the research is speech differences in
oral speech of people of different social classes.

Research
methods: semantic, contextual and conceptual analysis, as well as general
methods of scientific research (observation, analysis and comparison) was used
to process the specified material.

The
theoretical significance of the work lies in the further development of the
theory of differences in the speech of representatives of different social
classes: in comprehending existing classifications (markers of social classes),
as well as their processing and clarification.

The
practical significance of the work lies in the fact that the research materials
can be used in courses in linguistics, lexicology, regional studies,
sociolinguistics, cultural linguistics and textology.

This
work consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion and a
bibliography.

Заключение:

So,
social status to a greater or lesser extent affects a person's speech. Because
usually people have several statuses at once, then a certain part of speech
consists of their uneven mixing.

When
developing the most general idea of ​​the social hierarchy of society on the
basis of the proposed criteria, one should base on the allocation of three
levels: higher, middle and lower. The distribution of individuals and social
groups at these levels is possible based on all the criteria of stratification.
Moreover, the significance of the criterion will be determined by the
prevailing normative-value system, ideological attitudes.

The
stability of the hierarchical structure of society depends on the specific
weight and role of the middle stratum, which occupies an intermediate position
between the opposing poles of the stratification structure and is a neutral
link.

Language and writing
style are traditionally considered one of the most reliable indicators of
class, and pronunciation became such only at the end of the 19th century. The
traditional prestigious dialect for the upper class is almost always the
normative pronunciation, but some areas have their own prestigious dialect that
does not coincide with either the normative pronunciation or the speech of the
working class. England is characterized by a variety of regional dialects, used
primarily by either the working class or the lower middle class

Фрагмент текста работы:

CHAPTER
1. THE INFLUENCE OF A PERSON’S SOCIAL STATUS ON HIS SPEECH MANNER 1.1
Markers of a person’s social status and class in English culture During
the twentieth century, the phrase "life chances" acquired a
terminological meaning in sociology, taking its place in dictionaries and
encyclopedias, but, like many other sociological concepts, it does not have a
generally accepted and established content. One of the most famous vocabularies
in sociology defines life chances as “material rewards, social and cultural
opportunities, or lack of opportunities that a typical member of a group or
class within a particular society might expect” . The
concept was originally used by M. Weber, in particular in the analysis of class
and status.

It
is believed that it was Max Weber who laid the foundation for the tradition of
a class analysis of society with the identification of classes as communities
of people who are in the same class situation and have similar life chances,
determined by the market in a capitalist society. Weber, like Marx, recognized
classes as components of the economic structure of society, linking the concept
of "classes" primarily with capitalist society (but not only), where
the market is the most important regulator of socio-economic relations. Weber
considered it possible to speak of a "class" if several conditions
are met:

1)
A certain set of people has a common specific component of their life chances;

2)
Such a common component is formed solely based on economic interests in terms
of the possession of goods or the possibility of earning income;

3)
These chances are realized in the conditions of the market for goods or the
labor market .

Compliance
with these conditions constitutes what Weber calls a "class
situation", which is, in fact, a "market situation", which means
the presence of opportunities to realize their economic interests, provides
themselves with material and social benefits. Members of the same class share
common life chances.