Курсовая с практикой на тему The Use of Articles in the English Language (Based on Clive S. Lewis’ Novel “The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe”

Содержание:

INTRODUCTION 3
I. FEATURES OF THE ARTICLE IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE 5
1.1 The Article as a Sign of the Analytical Structure of the Language. Origin of the English Articles 5
1.2 General Meanings of the English Articles 6
1.3 Functions of the English Articles 8
1.4 The Term “Null Item” 9
1.5 The Absence of the Article in English 10
1.6 Modern Tendencies of Omitting the Article 11
1.7 Idiomatic Expressions with “Zero Article” 11
II. THE USE OF THE ARTICLES IN ENGLISH BASED ON THE NOVEL “THE LION, THE WITCH AND THE WARDROBE” BY CLIVE S. LEWIS 14
2.1 Material Under Research 14
2.2 Examples of Use of Articles in Clive S. Lewis’ Novel “The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe” 16
2.3 The Functions of the English Articles in the Novel 19
2.4 Examples of Applying “Null Item” in the Novel 21
2.5 The Absence of the Article in the Novel 24
2.6 Examples Demonstrating Modern Tendencies and Idiomatic Expressions in the Novel 25
CONCLUSION 29
REFERENCES 31

Введение:

This paper is devoted to the study of the content of English articles and the principles of their use in the English language. The paper describes the language aspects of English expressions with articles, highlights the main cases of using articles, their content and main functions in the expression, and considers the dependence of the syntactic and semantic structure of the English expression with the use of articles.
The article is a means of ensuring text coherence and separating content structure. The article is a service part of speech, and this function is realized at all levels of language. The articles are not formal elements of grammatical structure.
The relevance of the research. The relevance lies in the basic laws of the functioning of articles in the English language on a theoretical basis, as well as based on specific examples from classical literature, scientific literature and periodicals; to determine current trends in the use of articles, in particular, the tendency to omit articles in cases not specified by classical grammar.
The object of the study is the English Article.
The subject of the study is the functions of different articles in the English language.
The objective of the study is to analyze the existing models in the English language for the functions of the article in English fiction.
The set objective implies the solution of the following tasks:
1. Describe the classification of articles;
2. Classify general Meanings of the English Articles;
3. Characterize the term Null Item;
4. Analyze the main features of the novel “The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe” by C.S. Lewis ;
5. Outline the key strategies for article functions in fiction;
6. Analyze the functions and the absence of the article in the novel “The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe”.
The source of the study is the text of the novel “The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe” by C.S. Lewis.
Research methods include the following:
 Studying of research literature;
 Classification when forming a corpus of examples;
 Descriptive method when considering the features of sentence as a syntactic level unit;
 Statistical method for identifying the most common functions of sentences in English.
The work is based on the scientific works of the following authors: concerning the history of the development of the articles in English and their functions: R. Quirk (2000), J. Channell (1944), M.Y. Bloh (2000), E.V. Paducheva (1985), I.M. Kobozeva (2002), L.Ya. Linsky (1982), N.D. Arutyunova (1982) and other.
The practical significance of the study lies in the fact that the results obtained can be used in the study of English grammar, in particular, in the context of considering the article features in the English language.
The structure of the study correlates with the objective and tasks set. The work consists of introduction, two chapters, conclusion, list of references.
 

Заключение:

In the work under study, we considered the functions of the article in an English-language literary text in order to determine their common place in the text and influence on it. The category of the absence of an article in the text was also considered. Based on the research done, we can conclude the following theses:
1. The problem of the nature of the article covers the descriptive (pre normative) grammar of English in the early sixteenth century and continues to be actively studied in modern Linguistics. The background of the problem is generally presented in the essay studies.
2. The two main types of articles discussed in linguistic works are Definite and Indefinite Articles. It should be noted that the linguistic literature on articles in a sense reflects the statistical distribution of Definite and Indefinite Articles as unmarked and marked members, i.e. there are significantly fewer studies of unsigned articles than of articles with For example, the work of R.G. Piotrovsky, who is devoted to the designation of articles in Romance languages, is widely known.
3. The theory of zero morphemes is undoubtedly directly related to the generally accepted theory of zero morphemes in linguistics, which applies to forms without endings, unlike other forms of the same word. If we accept the view of those authors who consider articles to be morphemes, or at least analogs of morphemes, a means of analyzing morphology, then there is no doubt about the recognition of zero articles.
4. Having established our attitude to the main theoretical issues related to the articles, we will proceed to describe their functions. Among the values and functions attributed to the articles, there are separate values (defined by some authors) or functions (defined by other authors) that are inherent in both articles.
5. The term “null item” seems to be very complicated, because if articles are identified as morphemes or morpheme analogues (a means of analyzing morphology), then there is no doubt about the identification of zero articles. However, if we consider articles as service words, then we will no longer be talking about zero morphemes, but about null items.
6. G. A. Weichmann gives some cases of using the null article, but all of them are quite well-known and may have a logical explanation. These are features of using articles with the words television, headache, day, morning, government, management, work, sea, as well as with words that name educational institutions in both the British and American versions: boarding school, university, college.
7. Idioms are created for figurative and emotional evaluation of objects and phenomena of the objective world that already existed in the language. The main difference between them and free phrases is that they are not created by the speaker in the process of communication, but are used in the form of "spaces", i.e. ready-made units with a constant composition and meaning are reproduced each time. In this sense, the idiom seems to exist in the form of a special "database", which can be accessed by every representative of the corresponding linguistic and cultural group.
8. The article in a text of fiction helps you better understand the idea of a sentence and avoid misunderstandings. In fact, articles shorten the phrase by "heard or read" to "fully understood the situation", and allow you to use fewer words and explanations to achieve the goal of communication – mutual understanding between the author and the reader.
9. The main task of articles is to clarify what the speaker means before it is needed. As already mentioned, the function of articles in English is to show the certainty or uncertainty of a noun.
10. In modern linguistics, there is no single point of view regarding the status of articles. Some scientists include forms of complete and incomplete determination in their composition. Articles were considered in the system-language, semantic, communicative, textual and cognitive aspects, as a result of which the corresponding functions were identified.
Comparative linguistics involves exploring all means of expressing a category for further typology of language categories, which is also necessary for the theory and practice of translation. In simultaneous translation, the translator needs constant transformations that are known to native speakers of the translation language, and neological introductions to the translation discourse can cause a change in stylistic character, which in turn will lead to a wrong perception of the utterance.
 

Фрагмент текста работы:

I. FEATURES OF THE ARTICLE IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE
1.1 The Article as a Sign of the Analytical Structure of the Language.
Origin of the English Articles
The study of the nature of the article embraced descriptive (donormative) English grammar in the early sixteenth century and continues to be actively studied in modern linguistics. The background to the problem is usually raised in dissertation research.In brief, it boils down to the following points.
In the 16th-18th centuries, the article was considered a noun-symbol, mainly because it stood out from the other parts of speech.In the late sixteenth century, there was another conception, according to which the article was considered an adjective. Also, in the 17th century, some grammarians considered the article as a separate lexical category. During the same period, a separate explanation was more common, most notably: the article is the definite nature of a noun, the article is a definite determiner, and the article is a subsidiary
In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, most grammarians used the article as the primary meaning of the infinitive category and as an auxiliary quantification. The above-mentioned provisions received an enlightening evaluation in the eighteenth century. Grammarians of that time were not limited to describing linguistic facts but also tried to establish linguistic rules and regulations. At the same time two views of the article character were emerging. One of them was considered as a separate lexical phenomenon and the other as one of the variant adjectives.
The view that the article is an independent part of the language was held by quite a few grammarians in the 19th century, but at the same time there is also the concept of classifying the article as a pronoun or adjective. Furthermore, some grammarians classify the article as indicative (explicit) adjectives, others classify it as distinctive adjectives or pointing adjectives (indicative) and some grammarians regard it as restrictive adjectives [1, p. 155].
In the twentieth century, article was still not recognized by all grammarians as a separate lexical category. For example, J. Kerm did not include the article in his list of word classes, but considered its use solely with regard to the classification of names [26]. In particular, he points out the importance of using the article with the proper name in the plural form.
In addition, the marker designates the generalization function of the article. J. Kerm distinguishes between generality and completeness, or wholeness, as an example of a marker of sentence integrity. The lack of an article with the plural name is connected with the notion of bias.
O. Jespersen makes reference to articles as pronouns and includes articles specified in the subclass of indicative pronouns and unmarked articles in the subclass of unmarked pronouns. Calling the identified specified article, Jespersen considers it as an indicator of what is highlighted by the context or situation of the speech, and of the typical or generative noun in the semantics.
A scholar also notes the function of highlighting, qualifying and clarifying contexts, which determines the necessity of using the specified article. Jespersen considers the Indefinite Article non-deterministic because its use indicates the absence of possibilities or the need for identifying references. He points out the generalized use of the Indefinite Article in cases where a subject is considered as representative of the entire subject category. The distributive use of the article is also indicated [4, p. 55].
In the modern descriptive normative grammar of R. Kwerk, S. Grinbaum, J. Lynch and J. Skvartvik, based on an analysis of important generalised factual material in natural English language, this paper deals only with issues related to the classification of nouns and the use of definite nouns in the composition of phrases The use of the indefinite article is related to the issue of noun reference: generality, specificity and uniqueness. The author understands the reference as a relationship between the name and the object, regardless of the influence of the nature of the object (concrete or abstract).
The article is also a key feature of analytical discourse. That is, the connection between independent words is not expressed by changing the endings or sounds in the root, but by using word order and service vocabulary (prepositions, auxiliaries etc.) in the sentence. The classification belongs to Wilhelm Humboldt and August Wilhelm Schlegel. These languages include Germanic languages (English, German), as well as French, Bulgarian, etc.
1.2 General Meanings of the English Articles