Курсовая с практикой на тему Phrase Stress in English in the film Lone Scherfig’s “An education“

Содержание:

INTRODUCTION.. 3

CHAPTER 1. PHRASE
STRESS IN ENGLISH.. 4

1.1 The essence of stress. 4

1.2 Logical stress 7

1.3 Emphatic stress. 8

1.4 Phrase stress in the context of rhythm.. 10

1.5 Phrase stress and intonation. 12

CHAPTER 2.
ANALYSIS OF PHRASAL STRESSES IN THE FILM LONE SCHERFIG'S “AN EDUCATION”. 15

2.1 Analysis of logical stress in the film Lone Scherfig's “An education”. 15

2.2 Analysis of emphatic stress in the film Lone Scherfig's “An education”. 26

CONCLUSION.. 36

REFERENCES. 38

Введение:

In modern
English, as in other languages, stress plays an important role in oral speech,
especially in colloquial speech. It helps us to pronounce and designate the
word correctly. Phrasal stress helps the speaker to draw the attention of
another person to a specific word. By changing the intonation of speech, the
speaker can focus on different parts of the sentence.

A sign of phonetic
literacy of the speaker is the ability to arrange phrasal accents and at the
same time not to disrupt the rhythmic structure of speech. Therefore, it is
worth studying the ability to correctly convey the speech of the English
language and place phrasal accents correctly from the very first uttered
sentences. Many people need practical mastery of a foreign language, even with
theoretical knowledge.

To analyze
our research, we used the film of Lone Scherfig “An education”. “An education”
is one of the famous films in UK which was shot in 2009. The film was based on
the true story of the journalist Lynn Barber.

The analysis
of phrase stress in the context of the film of Lone Scherfig “An education” is the relevance of our course paper.

The subject of our research is the English phrase stress.

The object of our research is the English phrase stress in the
context of the film.

The research is based on the problem of identifying stresses in sentences of modern
English.

The aim of our course paper is to study phrase stress in English and analyze
them in the context of the film of Lone Scherfig “An education”.

To reach the aim we should complete the following tasks. They are:

1. To study
the essence and concept of stress;

2. To study
the highlighting of logical stress in English;

3. To study
the highlighting of emphatic stress in English;

4. To define
changes in phrasal stress in the context of rhythm;

5. To define
changes in intonation in a sentence;

6. To analyze
the logical stress in Lone Scherfig's film “An education”;

7. To analyze
the emphatic stress in Lone Scherfig's film “An education”.

The aim and
tasks of the work determined the choice of methods
used to achieve them, namely textual analysis, as well as quantitative and
linguistic analyses.

Work structure. This course paper
consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion and references.

The material of the work is based on the Lone
Scherfig’s film “An education”.

Заключение:

This course
paper is devoted to phrase stress in the film Lone Scherfig’s “An education”.
In the course of work on the study, we studied the essence and concept of
stress, the highlighting of logical and emphatic stress in English, defined
changes in phrasal stress in the context of rhythm, changes in intonation in a
sentence, analyzed the logical and emphatic stress in Lone Scherfig's film “An
education”.

Stress in
English, as in other languages, plays an important role in combining a sequence
of words into a single whole. Verbal, syntagmatic and phrasal stress differ.
Linguists D. Johnson, Crystal and other linguists define the concept of stress
differently. But in general, stress can be defined in this way, stress is the
allocation of one syllable within a word compared to its other syllables.

Phrasal
stress helps us to distinguish some semantic features in a sentence. Logical
and emphatic stress are distinguished.

Logical
stress is the selection of a word in a sentence stronger than all other words.
This stress is used to contrast one word with another or to strengthen the
meaning of a word. Depending on the context, any part of the sentence's speech
can be a logical stress.

Emphatic
stress is used in a sentence to compare, correct, or clarify something. This
stress highlights the word that the speaker considers the most important.
Emphatic stress makes the sentence more vivid, enhances the emotionality of the
sentence.

The rhythm of
the sentence is also very important. Rhythm separates sentences into semantic
segments, highlighting them with the help of stress. Usually a rhythmic group
consists of a significant and a functional word. The rhythmic group is usually
pronounced at the same time. A stressed syllable is pronounced a little faster
than an unstressed syllable.

Intonation
helps to control the rhythmic group of the sentence. Depending on the style of
the sentence, the intonation may be different. With the help of descending and
ascending tones, the melody of speech is observed. It all depends on the type
of sentence: affirmative, interrogative, general questions, politeness.

In American
English can be difference in pronunciation of words. Words are pronounced more
sharply and quickly. At the same time, the intonation of Americans almost
always remains descending, regardless of the type of sentence - affirmative,
interrogative, dividing, etc. They do additional stress on the word.

In this
course paper we analyzed the changing of logical and emphatic stresses of the
film of Lone Scherfig “An education”. We analyzed 199 sentences from the film.
Logical stress is used in the film in order to pay attention to a specific
object or phenomenon; to highlight a specific word; to contrast one word to
another. Emphatic stress in the given examples indicate the clarification of
some information, the situation is being specified, with the help of a question
word, one or another action is specified.

Thus, phrasal
stress plays an important role in understanding the sentence, in strengthening
the meaning of words. Without phrasal stress, the sentences would be dull.

Фрагмент текста работы:

CHAPTER 1. PHRASE STRESS IN ENGLISH 1.1 The essence of stress

In English,
stress is the most important means of connecting a number of words into an inseparable
whole and highlighting one syllable of the speech stream against the background
of others.

Linguists
distinguish between verbal, syntagmatic and phraseological stress. Logical
stress is a special kind of stress, the purpose of which is to highlight a more
significant word in a sentence in a given speech situation. There is also an
emphatic stress, which is used to clarify any information.

In English, there
are verbal stress and phrasal stress.

Verbal stress
is a means of phonetically combining a word into a single whole. This function of
combining verbal stress is carried out by highlighting one of the syllables in
the word (stressed), which “subordinates” the rest (unstressed) [4, p. 141].

Stress is an extremely
complex phenomenon. Its typology and function are defined differently.
According to D. Jones, stress can be defined as the force with which the
speaker pronounces a sound or syllable.

The English
phonetician Crystal defines a stress or accent as follows: it is a complex
phenomenon characterized by changes in intensity, pitch, quality and amount of
sound. Dynamic and tonic stress characteristics in the English word prevail
over all others.

In
linguistics, there are two ways to classify the status of stress: phonological
and phonetic. In the first way, stress is usually interpreted as highlighting
one of the syllables of a word perceived by ear. This is the way of calling the
phonetic approach to stress, when stress is also understood as the selection of
one of the syllables of a word, but at the same time it is associated with
specific acoustic parameters.

The types of stresses
in words are created by the difference in the degree of stress, the sequences
of distribution of primary and secondary stresses, the different number of stresses
in a word; the stress structures of words are formed by the distribution of stresses
in the syllables of words. In other words, highlighting a certain syllable of a
word, verbal stress is realized in the stress structure of the word and is
directly related to the variability of its characteristics in the speech flow
[18, p. 54].

Under stress
it is commonly understood the emphasis of a syllable. The phrasal stress, with
rare exceptions, is distinguished by the same syllable in the word as verbal
stress. Thus, verbal and phrasal stresses are closely related to each other.

Phrasal
stress refers to the emphasis of words in an utterance. It organizes the utterance,
serves as the basis for the rhythmic structure of the phrase, and determines
the semantic center of the sentence.

Phrasal
stress is divided into two types: centralized and decentralized in the study of
linguistic intonation units. This separation is due to the isolation of two
types of semantic center: consisting of one or more individually selected words
and represented by a whole phrase. Semantic center refers to the word or words
on which the speaker wants the listener’s attention to be focused.

There is the
difference between decentralized and centralized stress. The difference is that
in a phrase with decentralized stress, the semantic connection between words is
closer. The whole phrase is perceived as a single semantic center. With
decentralized stress, words receive individual isolation, and therefore the
connection between them is less close.

Traditionally,
it is customary to distinguish between three degrees of phrasal stress: primary,
secondary and weak. For our work, it is proposed to adopt a four-stage
gradation of emphasis: emphasis of the first, second, third and fourth degrees.
Each subsequent type of stress is a step in weakening secretion. For example:

The ‘Russian team ‘took part in the ‘winter O’lympics.

The words Russian, took and winter bear the stress of the first degree. The words team and part bear the stress of the second degree, which is weakened
compared to the stress of the first degree and is characterized by
approximately the same level of tonality as the previous words carrying the
stress of the first degree. Words with the stress of the third degree, in this
case the word Olympics, are usually
characterized by a low tonal level. The concept of stress of the fourth degree
is synonymous with unstressed.

The location
of the stress in the sentence is primarily due to semantic-syntactic factors.
By highlighting a particular syllable of a word, a phrasal stress identifies
the entire word as an integral unit. But not every word in a sentence is stressed.

Phrase
stress, which can vary in strength, is determined, firstly, by the task of
expressing a certain content of the entire sentence: their semantic relationships,
as well as emotional and stylistic moments. Secondly, phrase stress is to a
certain extent determined by the grammatical structure of the sentence, which,
in turn, depends to a certain extent on the task of expressing this content.
Thirdly, phrasal stress is determined by the rhythmic organization of the
sentence, the rhythmic speech skills of native speakers of a given language.
Semantic, grammatical and rhythmic factors of phrasal stress are closely
related and all of them are important for determining the place and degree of
phrasal stress, but in English the semantic factor is the leading one [4, p.
102].

As a general
rule: the more important the word is, the stronger its stress. Phrasal stress
is given to the most important words (significant words) in terms of content –
nouns, adjectives, numerals, semantic verbs, adverbs, interrogative and
demonstrative pronouns.

So, stressed
words are the following parts of speech in the English sentence:

- nouns: The `hat is on the `table.

- adjectives:
The hotel is `big.

- numbers: Sam is `eight.

- adverbs: Vanessa speaks French `bad.

- verb semantics:
I `wanted to `wear them yesterday.

- interrogative
pronouns (what, where, when, why): `Why
didn’t you come today? `When will you arrive?

-
demonstrative pronouns: this, that, they, those: `This is a hen and that is a rooster. `These dresses are on the bed and
`those skirts are on the shelf.