Курсовая с практикой на тему Classification of Sentences in the English Language (Based on Suzanne Collins’ Novel “The Hunger Games”)

Содержание:

INTRODUCTION 4
1. SYNTAX: THE CONCEPT AND FEATURES OF ENGLISH SENTENCE 6
1.1 Classification of Sentences by Function 6
1.1.1 Declarative Sentences 6
1.1.2 Interrogative Sentences 8
1.1.3 Exclamatory Sentences 9
1.1.4 Imperative Sentences 10
1.2 Classification of Sentences by Structure 11
1.2.1 Simple Sentences 11
1.2.2 Compound Sentences 12
1.2.4 Compound-complex Sentences 14
2. ANALYSIS OF TYPES OF ENGLISH SENTENCES BASED ON ENGLISH FICTION 17
2.1 Material under Research: “The Hunger Games” by Suzanne Collins 17
2.2 Analysis of Types of English Sentences in the Novel “The Hunger Games” by Suzanne Collins 18
2.2.1 Classification of Sentences by Function 18
2.2.1.1. Declarative Sentences 19
2.2.1.2 Interrogative Sentences 20
2.2.1.3. Exclamatory Sentences 21
2.2.1.4 Imperative Sentences 23
2.2.2 Classification of Sentences by Structure 24
2.2.2.1 Simple Sentences 24
2.2.2.2 Compound Sentences 25
2.2.2.3 Complex Sentences 26
2.2.2.4 Compound-complex Sentences 28
CONCLUSION 29
REFERENCES 31

Введение:

In the field of linguistic research, the study of speech communication has recently become especially relevant. Since traditional linguistics studies language as a system of certain linguistic signs and phenomena, regardless of the scope of their actual application, the study of specific intentions of the speaker, which are realized in linguistic communication, gain special importance.
In the second half of the twentieth century began to develop pragmalinguistics (from the word pragma  "action")  a science that studies the functioning of utterances in speech (their use in a particular communicative situation), as well as their impact on the audience.
The relevance of the research. Pragmatic syntax occupies an important place, because it is in the sentence that the functional features of language and speech are most fully reflected. Functional features of language and speech are most fully reflected in the sentence. That is why the most important task of syntactic theory is to study the functional characteristics of the sentence. Pragmatic syntax is subordinated to this task, which implements a functionally-oriented approach to the study of sentences. At the same time, linguists are primarily interested in the communicative-functional purpose and use of sentences in speech acts. Thus, the relevance of the work is determined by the framework of the use of different types of sentences and their pragmatics in the work of fiction.
The object of the study is English sentence.
The subject of the study is the models of different sentences in the English language.
The objective of the study is to analyze the existing models in the English language for the functions of the sentence.
The set objective implies the solution of the following tasks:
1. Describe the classification of Sentences by Function;
2. Classify English sentences by structure;
3. Characterize the semantic features of the noun;
4. Analyze the main features of the work “The Hunger Games” by Suzanne Collins;
5. Outline the key strategies for sentence functions in fiction;
6. Analyze productive and unproductive strategies for the formation of nouns in English on the material of “The Hunger Games” by Suzanne Collins.
The source of the study is the text of the novel “The Hunger Games” by Suzanne Collins.
Research methods include the following:
 Studying of research literature;
 Classification when forming a corpus of examples;
 Descriptive method when considering the features of sentence as a syntactic level unit;
 Statistical method for identifying the most common functions of sentences in English.
The work is based on the scientific works of the following authors: concerning the history of the development of the syntaxes in English  A. Kholodovich, N. Kobrina, L.I. Andrievskaya, B.M. Huseynov, M.M. Gukhman, N.A. Dmitrieva, O. Espersen, T.A. Rastorgueva, N.N. Sigareva, M.Y. Blokh, M.M. Bryant, G.O. Curme, J. Layons, F.R. Palmer, H.A. Sweet and others; concerning the function of the sentence in the text of the fiction  V.S. Hrakovsky, E.S. Genushene, V.E. Shevyakova, L.S. Granger.
Well-known scholars such as J. Austin, C. Pierce, C. Maurice, R. Langdon, as well as G.G. Pocheptsov, G.R. Voskanyan, L.P. Slabouz, A.Y. Chernova et al. who laid the foundation for the study of language as a functional universal means of disseminating information and communication.
The practical significance of the study lies in the fact that the results obtained can be used in the study of English grammar, in particular, in the context of considering the syntaxes features of the English language.
The structure of the study correlates with the objective and tasks set. The work consists of introduction, two chapters, conclusion, list of references and appendix.

Заключение:

In this paper, we investigated various semantic, functional, and structural aspects of syntax in S. Collins' novel “The Hunger Games”. Often, the term "syntax" undifferentiated refers to both the syntactic structure of a language that exists outside and independently of our consciousness, and the doctrine of the syntactic structure of a language – a well-known branch of language science. When constructing any science and defining its basic concepts, it is necessary to carefully distinguish, on the one hand, the subject under study itself, and on the other hand, the science about it. And to do this, it is necessary to avoid using the same term in every possible way when denoting both.
There are a wide variety of definitions of syntax; however, all of them, despite the fact that they do not coincide in certain details and nuances, quite clearly reveal the following two understanding of syntax: according to the first definition, syntax is the doctrine of phrases, and according to the second definition, syntax is the doctrine of sentences. It follows from the above that both the sentence itself and the combination of words that make up the sentence should be distinguished as the subject of syntax; neither one nor the other, taken separately, is the subject of syntax as a whole. Syntax is a science that studies both the rules for combining words and the rules for constructing sentences from these combinations. During the research of syntactic features of the novel, the following conclusions were drawn:
1) Narrative sentences are convenient material for observing the language statement in three meanings characteristic of modern approaches to language – in the plane of grammar, semantics and pragmatics of these relations. Intonation plays an important role in the formation of an affirmative meaning. The characteristic of intonation completeness of narrative sentences clearly appears against the background of four types of narrative sentences, namely: narrative sentences themselves, message sentences, explanation sentences, and statement sentences.
2) In the novel "The Hunger Games" there are actually interrogative sentences and rhetorical questions. The author uses the actual question sentences to construct dialogues that often have symbolic meaning. There are emotionally colored interrogative sentences, as well as such quesitivs that encourage action, to find out the facts. The grammatical basis of these sentences is formed by verbs of various semantics, which the writer often places in the initial and final positions.
3) The analysis of fragments of the novel showed that within the English-language artistic discourse, exclamation sentences are a special communicative type with an independent target attitude, which determines the author's intentions to express his psychological state, give an emotional assessment of facts and influence the addressee by expressing the statement.
4) An imperative sentence is an independent sentence, since it has a two – part construction with the predicate and the subject "you", which is omitted. The presence of this hidden subject is often accompanied by the use of additional elements in the sentence, which made it possible to reveal the nature and determine the lexically unspoken subject.
5) Simple sentences often need to have a predicate and subject (stated or implicitly understood). Active verbs indicate the subject; inactive verbs take the complement. Both subject and complement are in the subjective case; objects (direct or indirect) can be described as objective. It is also important to note that prepositions are accompanied by nouns or pronouns in the objective case.
6) The functions of a compound sentence in the novel "The Hunger Games" are the description of events, the juxtaposition of a number of factors, which emphasizes the depth of the world of the novel conceived by the author.
7) The relations between the parts of a complex sentence are constructed according to the same scheme as the relations between the members of a simple sentence, but when observed, they differ functionally.
8) Parts of such a complex sentence form sentences based on syntactic connection. But in the course of research, it comes across few sentences of this type, because the writer's idiostyle is characterized by the use of simple, short sentences, frequent reference to parcel.
The laws of communication in the unity of the novel are the driving force, a kind of mechanism that subordinates everything. Both the communicative motive, and the concept, and its deployment, implementation in speech occurs due to the conscious (or unconscious) orientation of appeals to the addressee, due to the very necessity and need of communication, cooperation of people.
 

Фрагмент текста работы:

1. SYNTAX: THE CONCEPT AND FEATURES OF ENGLISH SENTENCE
1.1 Classification of Sentences by Function
Syntax is the smallest syntactic-semantic unit of a language that has a broad categorical meaning across structures of varying complexity and is always characterized by the interaction of morphological, semantic, and functional features. Three main features are considered important to distinguish and contrast:
1) Independent use of syntax;
2) Use of syntax as part of a sentence; and
3) Use of syntactic morphology as a component of a phrase (or an analogue of a phrase).
Thus, syntax can be a way of expressing nouns, prepositions, and adverbs. That is, syntax is also a unit, whose source is the main grammatical function, having a semantic structure consisting of basic elements of modification and syntactic elements, as well as a formal structure with compact positioning of structural components (main components - basic expressive meaning and form) - means of expressing syntactic meaning.
By analyzing syntax, we mean a unit, the source of which is a primary grammatical function, which has a semantic structure consisting of basic and syntactic elements - modifiers, as well as a formal structure with dissection of structural components positioned (main components - basic meaning and form of expression - means of expression of syntactic meaning). In this regard, the functions of different types of sentences are considered below.
1.1.1 Declarative Sentences
The study of different tenses in English begins with an explanation of when it is appropriate to use a particular time. The principles of construction of different types of sentences are given: affirmative, negative, and question. Each of these sentences is constructed according to its own rules. However, in the construction of the same type of sentences, but at different times, there can be seen similar features.
It should be noted that for a long time this type of sentence was usually studied in comparison with interrogative ones [6, p. 103]. Such well-known linguists as D.M. Ovsyaniko-Kulikovsky and O.M. Peshkovsky consider narrative sentences to be the zero category and do not classify them as a separate type of sentence [17]. However, K.R Christensen claims that narrative sentences make up the most commonly used communicative type of sentences, are quite diverse in their content and structure, express a relatively complete thought, and are often the most neutral in terms of speech emotionality [23, p. 5].
Affirmative sentences are such sentences in which the connection between the object and the content about it is true or is considered to be true. Affirmative sentences in English