Дипломная работа (ВКР) - бакалавр, специалист на тему "The Problem of Translation of Archaisms and Historicisms in English-Speaking Artistic Literature". «Проблема перевода архаизмов и историзмов в англоязычной художественной литературе»

Содержание:

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Введение:

he dignity of
the translator as a professional is characterized by the manner how accurately
and skillfully he/she succeeds in conveying the author's thoughts to the reader
and bringing together two different languages ​​and cultures. The importance of studying historicisms
and archaisms in the aspect of translation is as follows: outdated words are
used to correctly recreate the atmosphere, culture of a particular era, thus,
it can be both a description of individual objects, the environment, phenomena,
people, positions, ranks, and the language itself heroes include the use of
historicisms and archaisms. Linguists use obsolete words in works of art to
more objectively reproduce a particular society in a particular era. However,
the translator faces a difficult task: to study the original language,
highlight obsolete words, find an analogue in the target language, or replace
an obsolete word, while preserving the shades of the original as much as
possible. The relevance of the research is
determined by the fact that obsolete words are often used to recreate an
atmosphere of a particular era, even in such genres as fantasy fiction. These
imply the necessity to make the sense of presence and authenticity of the world
described. So, if a fiction fantasy text is devoted to some sort of European
Medieval times, it requires the uses of the relevant archaisms and historicisms.
While translating such a text, a translator is also required to recreate this
atmosphere in the target text, so some translation transformations are required
to make in possible to translate the obsolete words rooted in a specific
foreign culture. The object of the research are English
historicisms and archaisms. The subject of the research is the
translation of English historicisms and archaisms into Russian. The purpose of the research is to
identify the means of translating historicisms and archaisms in the translation
of the fantasy fiction text “The Game of Thrones” by G.R.R. Martin. The tasks of the research are as
follows:

1. To
determine the concepts of historicism and archaism in linguistics;

2. To
find out the functions of historicisms and archaisms in fiction;

3. To
express the typology of historicisms and archaisms;

4. To
characterize the translation problems of fossil words;

5. To
find out the lexical peculiarities of fantasy fiction literature;

6. To
determine the role of translation transformations in translation process;

7. To
analyze the peculiarities in translating archaisms and historicisms used in
“The Game of Thrones” by G.R.R. Martin. The source material of the research is
the fantasy fiction novel “The Game of Thrones” by G.R.R. Martin and its
translation into Russian. The methodology applied in the research
includes the analysis of research literature on the topic of this qualification
thesis, the identification of historicisms and archaisms used in the source
fantasy fiction text and their translation variants in the Russian translation
of the novel, the descriptive and quantitative methods to assess the
peculiarities of translating these obsolete words into Russian. The theoretical base includes the works
of the following scientists: I.V. Arnold, L.S. Barkhudarov, L.P. Varenina, V.V.
Vinogradov, A.I. Galperin, V.N. Komissarov, T.V. Korosteleva, V.V. Moshkovich,
N.M. Razinkina, N.S. Silkina, A.V. Florya, M.N. Shmeleva, etc. The theoretical importance of the work
is determined by the fact that it considers the role of obsolete words in
fantasy fiction, and the means of their translation into Russian. The practical importance of the work is
grounded on the fact that the results obtained may be used for teaching the
translation of obsolete words from English into Russian in terms of stylistics
and their role in creating the special fiction atmosphere. The structure of the research is
determined by its purpose and tasks. The thesis consists of introduction, three
chapters, conclusion, the list of references and appendix. The first chapter of this study examines the
definitions of the concepts of "historicism" and "archaism"
in linguistic literature. In addition, the study examines the functions that
historicisms and archaisms perform in fiction texts. The analysis of the
research literature also made it possible to identify the typology of archaisms
and historicisms. In addition, the key aspects of the translation of obsolete
vocabulary are considered, taking into account the cultural and historical
characteristics of the development of the source language and their correlation
with the realities of the target one. In the second chapter of the study, the
emphasis is on the problem of translating a fiction text. The analysis of
research literature made it possible to identify both the lexical features of
the translation of fiction texts and to analyze the role and place of
translation transformations within translation. The third chapter of this research is
devoted to the study of the peculiarities of the translation of archaisms and
historicisms in the text of the novel "The Game of Thrones". The used
translation transformations for the transmission of archaisms and historicisms
are revealed, statistics are also provided regarding the productivity of
individual translation transformations in the translation of the fiction text
from English into Russian.

Заключение:

To sum up, archaisms are words or stable phrases, the
grammatical form of which is outdated and out of general use, but they have an
analogue in the modern language. Historicisms are words or stable expressions
that represent the names of objects of human use or phenomena from everyday
life that existed earlier, but have now disappeared from use. Historicisms are
the words meaning objects or phenomena that existed before, and then
disappeared.

Furthermore, obsolete vocabulary has a significant
impact on the formation of the modern literary language. With the help of its
functions, it becomes the most important means of artistic and verbal
creativity and remains an urgent subject of linguistic research. It’s role in
stylistics is never underestimated as it allows to create a text referring to a
particular era.

Still, there exist various approaches to the
classification of historicisms and archaisms, which are based on different
characteristics. However, the most productive classification is based on
thematic groups as it allows to demonstration the level of importance of these
lexemes within language.

In terms of translation, it is customary to use the
term "equivalent translation", which means a translation carried out
at a level necessary and sufficient to convey an unchanged content plan while
observing the norms of the target language. Within the translation of
historicisms and archaisms it’s crucial to take into account the problem of
realia as these make up the layer of non-equivalent vocabulary found in the
country of the original language. Moreover, translation of obsolete units of
vocabulary in fiction requires close attention, since the presence of units of
non-equivalent vocabulary in the original text can cause difficulties in the
process of translating the original into another language. It’s worth noting that literary translation is a special
part in translation practice, which consists of translating a fiction text from
one language into another. The main problem of literary translation is not the
complexity of transferring meaning, but the transfer of a unique author's
style, aesthetics, and a range of linguistic means that affect the atmosphere
and mood inherent in the text.  When
translating a fiction text, three main goals are pursued: to convey the
individual style of the writer; convey the originality of the culture reflected
in the text; to acquaint the reader with the content of the book. The quality
of literary translation is measured by the concepts of adequacy, i.e. conveying
the author's idea, artistic and aesthetic orientation, correctly selected means
of conveying imagery, reproducing content and form through another language and
equivalence, i.e. conveying the meaning of content, emotional expressiveness
and verbal-structural design of the original. Translation
of a fiction text is due to many difficulties. These difficulties are present
both in the language system itself, and in the framework of the interaction of
cultures - the culture in the language of which the text was created, and the
culture, to which the reader is native. The problems of translating a literary
text at the language level are usually solved through the application of
translation transformations, taking into account the stylistic techniques used
by the writer. At the level of interaction of cultures, it is also important to
take into account the translation of realities, the general context of the
creation of a work, etc. In general, translators of fiction texts face a
difficult task, which includes not only the ability to translate, but also the
effective realization of certain literary skills in order to be able to
understand and express the creative intention of the writer to the extent
possible. The analysis demonstrated that the most
productive translation transformation is calquing. It manifests itself both in
the field of semantics and in the field of stylistics when translating
archaisms from English into Russian. Generalization has demonstrated its wide
application in the translation of archaisms from English into Russian. Its use
within translation made it possible to use lexical units of more general
semantics, often with the loss of their archaic stylistics. Other translation
transformations have not shown significant productivity in translating archaisms
from English into Russian. The
analysis showed that among the historicisms considered, both lexical
historicisms and historicisms, which represent one of the meanings of a
polysemantic word, have been figured out. Speaking about the peculiarities of the
translation of historicisms from English into Russian, it is worth emphasizing
that the most common is the application of calquing, since all these lexical
units are present in the Russian language, with a pronounced historical
associations and stylistic features. In addition, transcription has been also
spread quite widely, since in the Russian language there already exist
analogues of the historicisms used in the original text, being their
transcriptions. The
analysis has also shown that both the translation of archaisms and the
translation of historicisms are characterized by the predominance of calquing,
which makes it possible to rely on analogues of these lexical units that
already exist in the Russian language, as well as to transfer the structure of
the lexical units of the source text into Russian. While the use of
generalization, compensation and modulation is more typical for the translation
of archaisms, the translation of historicisms is characterized by the fact that
the most productive models are transcription and modulation, which indicates
different approaches to the translation of different types of obsolete
vocabulary from English into Russian. So, the
analysis of the peculiarities of translating archaisms and historicisms from English
into Russian is a highly fruitful research field that requires further
examination.

Фрагмент текста работы:

CHAPTER 1. THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS
FOR STUDYING OF FOSSIL WORDS 1.1. Concepts of
"historicism" and "archaism" in linguistics Historicisms are the example of obsolete lexical
system that refer to a passive vocabulary and have no synonyms in modern
language. Such words do not disappear from the vocabulary, but are simply
limited in their use to the sphere of historical novels, essays and historical
studies of the corresponding periods. For example, gorget, mace, thane, goblet, baldric.

I.V. Arnold points out that "historicisms are
words that have ceased to be used in reality, they are resurrected in order to
give vitality to the past, which they represent" [3, p. 89].

In fiction, historicisms are used to faithfully
recreate the atmosphere and culture of a particular era and for the description
of individual objects, the environment, phenomena, people. Moreover, the very
language of the heroes can consist of the use of historicisms. Linguists use
the term “historicism” applying to fiction for a more objective recreation of a
certain society in a certain era [26].

Archaisms are words or fixed expressions, the
grammatical form of which is outdated or has ceased to be used, which have a
synonym in modern language. I.V. Arnold points out that archaisms are
"obsolete words that have survived in the language, but are no longer used
in ordinary life" [3, p. 105].

Archaisms can be divided into several types:

1. lexical per se, i.e. words outdated in general.

2. Lexico-morphological, i.e. words with outdated word
form and / or grammatical forms of the word.

3. Lexico-phonetic, i.e. words that differ from modern
ones by several sounds or stress.

4. Lexico-derivational, i.e. words that differ from
modern words by suffixes, prefixes.

5. Grammatical, i.e. obsolete forms of words that do
not exist at all in modern language.

6. Semantic, i.e. obsolete meanings of words available
in the active dictionary that name another phenomenon or object [14].

It should be noted that from archaisms, unlike historicisms,
derivative words can be formed. In fiction, archaisms are used as a stylistic
means for a more solemn or ironic meaning of language, as well as for a more
colorful description of the locality and people of a particular period of time.

Archaisms are both literary and book words, although
most of these words are also found in official clerical literature [31].

The term "archaism" unites heterogeneous
concepts: the renewal of the language, that is, the loss of some and the
appearance of other words. Some words are being replaced by other, new,
synonymous words that are more convenient to use in the language [25], for example: whilome – formerly, swain – peasant,
methinks – it seems to me, yon – there, habit – dress, to trow – to think.

Archaisms that have synonyms in the modern language
must be divided into those completely outdated and may be incomprehensible to
others, and those at the “aging” stage, that is, their meanings do not cause
difficulties for understanding, but they are found enough rarely in the
language [22].

A.I. Halperin considers it expedient to divide
archaisms into the words “ancient” or “forgotten”, which are terms of antiquity
and are used only for special stylistic purposes in the modern literary
language, and the words that are “obsolete”, i.e., those that have not yet lost
their meaning in the system vocabulary of the modern literary language.
Obsolete forms of the word are also classified as archaisms, although they
should be considered not as lexical, but as morphological archaisms. But the
very form of the word gives a certain archaic connotation to the whole word,
and subsequently it is quite often used for stylistic purposes, and therefore
morphological archaisms can be considered alongside with lexical [18, p. 87; 45; 23; 12].

So, further in the research historicisms will be
treated as words meaning the name of objects or phenomena that existed before,
and then disappeared from use. In turn, archaisms are words whose grammatical
form has fallen out of use, but the object or phenomenon itself remained, but
today there are synonyms in the modern language. Archaisms refer to functional
literary vocabulary, which is a homogeneous group of words that are
distinguished using a service function. In addition to archaic words, it also includes
terms, barbarisms, poetry and literary neologisms. All these groups of words in
the process of using in different styles of speech received their own specific
stylistic characteristics.